Impact Of Information Technology On Banks In Bahrain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6174 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Information technology and permeated almost every aspect of business operations and communications technologies. So it is a one of the most exciting research has been focusing on the wide interest in all parts of the world through the decades, but little was devoted to study the impact of information technology to banks in Bahrain. This study examines the impact of information technology on organizational performance in the banking sector during the period from 2005 to 2009. The dependent variable used is return on equity ( ROE) while the independent variables are Hard ware, Soft Ware, System Development Operations, I .T Maintenance, I.T Training , I .T Insurance , I.T Communication, I .T Implementation, I .T Consultancy , I .T Sites and Business Continuity Planning (BCP). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Information Technology On Banks In Bahrain" essay for you Create order Preliminary data collected through in-depth interviews, official documents and surveys of the field through the top 8 banks in Bahrain, this data has been tested by applying different statistical methods and finance. The research results led to the conclusion that information technology has a positive impact on organizational performance in the banking sector. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION As an emerged business trend, the use of information technology (I.T) in the economic organizations are immense and measureless. Systems of organization and functions are now considered effortless and unproblematic because of I.T. information technology passes to be the most important one for each financial institution and the banks, particularly, they are one of the greater investors in I. T, Ahli united bank one of these banks that costs them around $ 13 millions. It is an enormous cost of this technology for local and international market. The existing studies generally have concluded two positive effects concerning the relationship between IT and the financial performance of banks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First, it can reduce operational costs of banks (the cost advantage). For example, the Internet helps banks to conduct standardized, low value transactions (e.g. send the bill payments, balance inquiries, account transfers) through the online channel, while focusing its resources on specialized, high value added transactions (eg small business loans, personal trust services, investment banking) through branches. Second, can facilitate transactions between customers within the same network(the network effect). As an example, let us consider the case of automated teller machines (ATMs) by banks. If ATMs are geographically dispersed areas available largely over, the advantage of using an atmosphere will increase as customers can access their accounts from any geographic location they want. This would imply that the value of the ATM network increases with number of locations available in the atmosphere, and the value of the network of the a bank to a customer is determined in part by the final size of the network effect banks network is important in the adoption of the atmosphere. IT has drawn the attention of many researchers, commissioned to study the impact of IT in the functioning of the bank and that is a goal of many organizations. Some researchers have found positive relationships between IT investment and organizational performance and some of it found it negative. Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ §ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ §ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ قؠ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ §ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © للكلÙ†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ §ÃƒËœÃ‚ ª    Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢?Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Problem Statement IT investments and its impact on the banking industry is a very important point for both banking managers and IT managers to be able to deal with and justify wither increased spending for investment in IT will lead to increase performance of Bank or not. That will put increasing pressure on managers to asses its business value. In this study we will examine the key components of IT investments (Hard ware, Soft Ware, System Development Operations, I .T Maintenance, I.T Training , I .T Insurance , I.T Communication, I .T Implementation, I .T Consultancy , I .T Sites and Business Continuity Planning (BCP) to see if spending in different IT areas as an impacts on bank performances. Significance and Importance The importance of this project lies in its ability to shed a light on the Impact of Information Technology on The Financial Performance of Bank sector in kingdom of Bahrain. Furthermore, this study would encourage other Banks in the area to benefit from Bahraini Banks experience and therefore follow their lead. Purposes The goal of this study is to: To determine which type of information system leads to high financial performance of the banks. Evaluate in what specific ways and to what extent do information systems could eventually lead to high financial performance. To find out what issues emerges when implementing IT at the bank. Research Hypothesis The main Hypotheses There is no significant relationship between investing in I.T and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H01: There is no significant relationship between investing in HW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H02: There is no significant relationship between investing in SW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H03: There is no significant relationship between investing in SDO and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H04: There is no significant relationship between investing in Main and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H05: There is no significant relationship between investing in Trn and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H06: There is no significant relationship between investing in Insu and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H07: There is no significant relationship between investing in Comm and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H08: There is no significant relationship between investing in Imp and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H09: There is no significant relationship between investing in Con and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H010: There is no significant relationship between investing in Sit and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H011: There is no significant relationship between investing in BCP and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Key Words Information technology (I.T): any technology that helps to produce, manipulate process, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Information system (IS): is any combination of information technology and peoples activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. I.T Investment : Banks of Bahrain: Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a financial institution located in Bahrain that deals in money and its substitutes and provides other financial services. ATM: automated teller machine, which allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. Financial Performance: is the overall profitability of the insurance firm. Study Outline The paper proceeds as follows: Chapter 2 focuses on the literature review where the work of other researchers and some previous theoretical and empirical studies are mentioned. Chapter 3 is about the methodology used in this study. Chapter 4 discusses the empirical results and findings of the research. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are made in chapter 5. CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND Introduction This chapter will specify some aspects of Bahrainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy and what attracts foreign and local investors to invest their capital in this country; along with some important features and statistical data regarding the banking industry, we will try to know why It is necessary for the management of the organizations to measure and to evaluate the organization performance. Finally, the literature review will discuss a number of some previous studies related to this topic. An Overview of Bahrains Economy The economy of Bahrain is mainly defined by oil production and refining and production, ship repair, iron pelletization, fertilizers, offshore banking, insurance. The country is trying hard to privatize its economy so that it can reduce the dependence on oil production and that prompted the government to develop other industries as well. For example, in 1970, the government established Aluminum Bahrain (ALBA), an aluminum smelting industry which still remains an important industry. In a further effort at diversification, the government has also promoted tourism. The government controls the oil and gas, most heavy industry, and the bulk transport and communications, but has made efforts to privatize the economy, bank transfer, light manufacturing, and trade in private hands. Listen Read phonetically    Dictionary View detailed dictionary Translate any website El Confidencial-Spain Tom.com-China News.de-Germany Nord-Cinema-France Zamalek Fans-Arabic Gotujmy.pl-Polish Vogue-France Arte Toreo-Spain LExpress-France Onet.pl-Polish PÃÆ' ºblico.es-Spain Zeit Online-Germany Bahrains economy is strong and always improving their sectors to look for a bright future. It was called the fastest growing financial center in the Arab world by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia in January 2006 by the City of London global financial centers index in 2008. In 2004 it signed a free trade an agreement with United States will reduce the trading Which Barriers between the two countries. Bahrain Was the first Arabian Gulf state to sign such a trading mutual agreement with the United States. https://www.mapsofworld.com/country-profile/bahrain1.html https://www.cia.gov Banking Sector in Bahrain Bahrain is the home of more than 400 the authorized financial institutions, what represents a rich mix of international, regional and local names. They cover all the range of financial products, with private concentrations in sure, wholesale banking and funds / asset management. The financial sector is now the major sector of the economy represents more than the 27% of the GDP. The financial sector is also the major employer in Bahrain for more than the 80% of the labor. The sector is regulated and supervised by the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) (www.cbb.gov.bh), which since 2002 has functioned as a regulator of the entire financial system. Bahrainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking system consists of both conventional and Islamic banks and is the main component of the financial system, which represent over 85% of total financial assets. The conventional segment includes 19 retail banks, 69 wholesale banks, 2 specialized banks and 36 representative offices of foreign banks. The Islamic segment, offering a series of Sharia Conformity of their products and services include 6 retail and 18 wholesale banks, and the numbers are increasing steadily. Listen Read phonetically    Dictionary View detailed dictionary Translate over 50 languages Hjelp! à £?†¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ £?† Ãƒ £? ªÃƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ° dĆºti escargots à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å"à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¹ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °! à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ?ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± Je parle un petit peu franÃÆ' §ais.  ¿CÃÆ' ³mo estÃÆ' ¡s? à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ?ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ sÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ Wie gehts? mijn vriend à £?Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬â€Ãƒ £? §Ãƒ £?â„ ¢Ãƒ £?†¹? La voiture VÃÆ' ¦r sÃÆ' ¥ snill à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥?à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ° à ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¬Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å" hoje estÃÆ' ¡ ensolarado Je ne sais pas ! à  Ã‚ ¸?à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹?à  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¸ Ãâ€" ©Ãƒâ€"Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€"— Ø £ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ كؠ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥?à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. nazdar! Wie heiÃÆ'Ã… ¸en Sie? Ich bin vierzig Jahre alt Comment allez-vous ? rouge Buongiorno Principessa! Langweilig à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜?Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ø ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢?Ø §ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Wie spÃÆ' ¤t ist es? Es ist sehr interessant! miracoloso Wie bitte? haydi gidelim Pardon à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢ The banking sector has played a central role in the development of Bahrain as major financial center in the region. As in December 2006, banking sector assets amounted to over U.S. $ 180 billion, more than twelve times annual gross domestic product. Listen Read phonetically    Dictionary View detailed dictionary Translate over 50 languages Hjelp! à £?†¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ £?† Ãƒ £? ªÃƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ° dĆºti escargots à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å"à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¹ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °! à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ?ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± Je parle un petit peu franÃÆ' §ais.  ¿CÃÆ' ³mo estÃÆ' ¡s? à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ?ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ sÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ Wie gehts? mijn vriend à £?Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬â€Ãƒ £? §Ãƒ £?â„ ¢Ãƒ £?†¹? La voiture VÃÆ' ¦r sÃÆ' ¥ snill à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥?à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ° à ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¬Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å" hoje estÃÆ' ¡ ensolarado Je ne sais pas ! à  Ã‚ ¸?à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹?à  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¸ Ãâ€" ©Ãƒâ€"Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€"— Ø £ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ كؠ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø §Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥?à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. nazdar! Wie heiÃÆ'Ã… ¸en Sie? Ich bin vierzig Jahre alt Comment allez-vous ? rouge Buongiorno Principessa! Langweilig à Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜?Ñ‚Ã Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ø ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢?Ø §ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Wie spÃÆ' ¤t ist es? Es ist sehr interessant! miracoloso Wie bitte? haydi gidelim Pardon à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢ The recent increase in the sector has been supported willingly fortune of the industry of the petroleum and the corresponding increases of liquidity. The banks are playing thus a central role in surplus to reinvest the petroleum incomes as well as complying the opportunities of financing in other segments of the economy. https://www.bahrain1.com/banking.html Performance Measures The performance as declared by Wheelen and hunger (2000) is the final result of an activity and a performance organizacional accumulates turned out final of all the organization process and activities. It is necessary for the management of the organizations to measure and to evaluate the organization performance to utilize organizations resources in better form and to win good organization honorableness. Managers measure and to control organization performance, since conducts to a better management of assets, to a greater capacity to provide value of the client, for improve the measures of organization Knowledge and measure of performance organizacional have an impact on an organization reputation. Literature review Many studies had been done in order provide a clear picture of the financial performance of banks. Gupta, Uma and Collins (1997) investigate the impact of information systems on the efficiency of banks. They were centered in determining the relation among the investments in I.T and bank efficiency; they identified an efficiency measures assembly commonly utilized by the banks and they asked to their respondents to specify if these measures were utilized to evaluate the performance of I.T an investment. They found that the companies ensure that the investments in technology are deliberately and in a significant way aligned with achieving the strategic, tactical one, and the operational goals of the business is probable that to see a narrower link among I.T investments and improvements of productivity of the organization. Thus I.T performs an important and valuable role in helping to reach objectives organizational, to enlarge the productivity to improve service to the client, and to utilize fully existing system. Lunardi, Becker and Macada (2003), they evaluated the strategic impact of IT in Brazilian, American, Argentinean, Uruguayan and Chilean banks as perceived by their executives. In order to externally validate the questionnaire, results were analyzed considering, as isolated samples, (a) Brazil, (b) the United States, (c) Argentina, Uruguay and Chile, and, then, (d) as one group merging all data. The results indicate that (1) Competition, Products and Services, and Borrowers (customers) are the main strategic variables affected by IT; (2) there are no differences between executives of IT and other functional executives regarding their perception of the impacts of IT in strategic variables; and (3) the impact of IT in Competitiveness is significantly related with the impact of IT in Borrowers, Government and Country Requirements, Products and Services, and Cost Structure and Capacity. This study supported banking executives to plan IT strategies, their implementation and to evaluate their use. Another research had been done by Elena Becalli. (2005) Who investigated whether investment in Information Technology (IT) hardware, software and other IT services influences the performance of banks by Using a sample of 737 European banks over the period 1993-2000 . The study found that the impact of different types of IT investment (hardware, software and services) on banks performance is heterogeneous. Investment in IT services from external providers (consulting services, implementation Services, training and education, support services) appears to have a positive influence on accounting profits and profit efficiency, while the acquisition of hardware and software seems to reduce banks performance. Shaukat and Zafarullah. (2009) made a study examined the impact of IT on organizational performance in quantitative terms of Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manufacturing and banking sectors over period of 1994-2005 and come with the following result. I.T changed the character of so much work for the industries and enlarges its performance. This positive impact has shown in indicators of qualitative performance. Significant improvements with regard to the different qualitative variables as customer satisfaction, client/suppliers links, image of the business, employees interest work, shareholders, confidence and among office links/communication they have been observed in both the sectors and banking in Particular . Akram and Allam. (2010), explored the impression on improving the performance of two forms of matrix. The first is matrix of financial performance which comprises Market Value-Added (MVA), Return on Investment (ROI) and Earning per Share (EPR) and the second is matrix of operational performance, which includes the Net Profit Margin (NPM), Operating Return on Assets (ORA) and the profit value of the employee (PE). Utilizing IT by Jordanian banks which measured by testing the level of investment in Hardware, Software, Internet Banking, Phone banking, number of ATMs, use of Cyber branches and Banking via SMS. The results of measurements indicated that there was an impact on the use of MIS in Jordanian banks in the market value added (MVA), Earnings Per Share (EPS), Return on Assets (ROA), Net Profit Margin (NMP). Keramati, Azadeh and Mehran (2009), discussed and tested empirical to moderate environmental effects of dynamism and branch strategy on the impact of the investment and other efficient variables (number of employees and fixed assets) in the branches. The study sample was comprised of 102 branch offices of the bank Parsian and the empirical results, on the base of a model moderate of decline. Concretely, IT investment seems to have a greater positive impact on performance of the banks when there are greater environmental changes and more proactiva strategy branch. According to their conclusions, the banks considering that the investment should evaluate their performance environmental contexts and the strategic orientation. Another investigation has been carried out for Mallick and Shirley (2006). They examined the effects of the information technology (IT) in the banking industry of United States. They found that IT can improve bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance in two ways: IT can reduce operational cost (cost effect), and facilitate transactions among customers the clients inside the same network (effect network). They characterized the conditions to identify these two effects and the conditions for the two seemingly positive effects to turn negative in the equilibrium. The results were tested on a panel of 68 US banks over 20 years, and they found that the bank profits decline due to adoption and diffusion of IT investment, reflecting negative network effects in banking Industry. In this study I will use the same factors used by Akram and Allam (2010) to explain the Impact of Information Technology on The Financial Performance of Bank sector in kingdom of Bahrain. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction In this part of the study, we build the methodology of the study that is characterized in terms of tools and method of measurement and tests for the problem of the study, taking advantage of methods and tools of previous studies, in order to guarantee the access to the methodology to obtain the information more I need and better results. The key variables will be measured in an intent of practice to identify dependent and independent variables and to explain how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Finally, It will also provide a study model and some specifications of the model used to conduct the research. Population and Sampling Data Collection The data was collected through in-depth interviews with the senior managers of finance , and some mangers from I.T Department of Banks in sample and from official documents plus We used several academic journals and articles which have been downloaded online from various websites to collect data for this study. Updating numerical data about the Banking sector and Banks have been collected from the annual reports of each Banks which are submitted on their official websites. Population The research population is all locally Banks in Bahrain Ahli United Bank National Bank of Bahrain Bahrain Islamic Bank (BisB) Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait B.S.C . Bank Muscat International (BMI) Standard Chartered Kuwait Finance House Bahrain Citibank Bahrain HSBC Bank Middle East Limited Arab Bank Table 3.1 : Population Source: The Researcher Sample Ahli United Bank (AUB) Bank Muscat International (BMI) were selected as research sample to represent this sector. However these Banks were selected because I found that it was easy for me to collect any information needed for this research from these tow Banks since I am working in Ahli united Bank and I Know Manger of IT in Bank Muscat International (BMI) . Ahli United Bank . Bank Muscat International (BMI) Table 3.2 : Sample Source: The Researcher The first bank is Ahli United Bank, Bahrain (AUB): Ahli United Bank BSC (AUB) formed after the 2001 merger of Al-Ahli Commercial Bank and Commercial Bank of Bahrain, It is a full fledged commercial and investment banking group providing Services of 1. Wealth management 2. Retail, corporate 3. Treasury 4. offshore 5. Islamic banking 6. Real estate fund management 7. Structured finance and private banking services. The Groups businesses consist of the operations in Bahrain, a wholly owned subsidiary in the UK and associates in Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Egypt, Iraq and Libya. Source: https://www.cbb.gov.bh/page.php?p=banking The second bank is Bank Muscat International (BMI) : BMI Bank (previously known as Bank Muscat International), an associate of Bank Muscat the largest financial services provider in Oman today, is a Retail Bank, registered in Bahrain and regulated by the Central Bank of Bahrain offering a full range of retail and commercial banking services. BMI Bank operates in Bahrain through a network of 8 branches and 26 ATMs with net banking for easy access to services. Source: https://www.bmi.com.bh/AnnualReport/images Period covered in this research This research covers the period from 2005 to 2009. Analysis Plan Use Regression method to specify the relationship between the independent variables (HW, SW, SDO, MAIN, TRN, Insu, Comm, Imp, Cons, Sit, BCP) and the dependent variable which is the (ROE). Research Model Fig (1) the structural variables of the independent and variable dependent. Independent I T Dependent Performance Performance H W S W S D O Main Trn Insu Comm Imp Cons Sit BCP R O E Figure 3.1 The research model Source: the researcher Model Specification This economic model is used to examine the relationship between Independent Variables and Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. Defining Study Variables The independent variables Hard ware: Which includes spending on data storage devices, terminals, memory, peripherals, workstations, personal computers and data communications devices, So It is the net investment bank in the computer hardware and equipment in the period. (Akram Allam 2010) Soft Ware: which includes spending on packaged software, application Solutions software, application tools, and systems infrastructure software? It is the net investment bank in the software during the period. (Akram Allam 2010) System Development Operations: Which includes spending on Specific activities related to system development and other expenses for operations management during the period like the network, processing services, backup and archiving. ( Elena Becalli. 2005) I .T Maintenance :On going operational support of either hardware or software IT assets of an organization. This can be both preventative as well as reactive support. I.T Training: Includes education used to enhance general knowledge and expand the abilities to use IT during the period. (Elena Becalli 2005) I .T Insurance: The insurer provides protection of IT assets against fire, theft, flood and accidental damage and protects the firms investment from claims arising out of professional negligence or system failure . I.T Communication: Providing effective ways for inter application, inter entity communication. Effective IT communication provides the backbone for the working of any next generation application due to centralized and cloud based roadmap towards Information Technology. I .T Implementation: Which includes spending on a new or changed application systems are needed in order to support the processes, these must first be procured or developed and implemented. I .T Consultancy: Includes all what they spend to provide product-specific consulting during the period. It is one of the independent variables. (Elena Becalli. 2005) I .T Sites: Physical controlled infrastructure support for IT related hardware / data centers. This can be segregated between production and disasters recover sites Business Continuity Planning (BCP): It is the cost of Planning that identifies to the organization, exposition to external and internal threats and synthesizes soft and hard assets to provide an efficient prevention and the recovery of the organization, during the period. It is one of the independent variables. The independent variables ROE: Return on equity  measures a corporations profitability  by revealing how much  profit a company generates  with the money shareholders have invested. So it is the amount of the net incomes returned like a percentage of the capital stock.   Each bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROE has been obtained for its annual reports and calculated as: Return on Equity = Net Income/Shareholders Equity CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS TESTING HYPOTHESIS CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS TESTING HYPOTHESIS Introduction This Section includes tow main topics, the first is about descriptive Analysis of the study variables through various descriptive statistical measures, such as: Central tendency measures, Dispersion measures, Mean, Median, Range and Standard Deviation; to describe the study variables. The Second topic represents testing the study hypotheses, and computing the regression model information. First topic, Descriptive Analysis The descriptive analysis table in the appendix shows the following For the period between 2005 and 2009. Years H W S W S D O MAI N T R N I N S U 2005 1,257,402 1,085,277 627,493 930,182 133,498 48,220 2006 1,465,400 1,287,888 387,563 1,023,201 142,611 53,042 2007 1,667,850 1,398,955 507,713 1,125,521 180,363 58,346 2008 2,241,285 2,080,455 427,954 1,238,073 147,626 69,963 2009 3,332,204 3,117,740 525,001 1,519,138 94,051 99,966Mean Standard Deviation Years H W S W S D O MAI N T R N I N S U 2005 1,078,477 940,060 526,804 805,844 94,048 37,873 2006 939,886 865,657 159,011 886,428 95,303 41,660 2007 1,176,979 991,428 300,220 975,071 140,909 45,826 2008 935,099 805,459 257,453 1,072,578 102,353 42,231 2009 323,436 236,654 35,357 957,440 36,697 13,918 Minimum Years H W S W S D O MAI N T R N I N S U 2005 494,804 420,554 254,987 360,365 66,996 21,440 2006 800,800 675,776 275,125 396,401 75,221 23,584 2007 835,600 697,909 295,425 436,041 80,725 25,942 2008 1,580,070 1,510,909 245,907 479,645 75,251 40,101 2009 3,103,500 2,950,400 500,000 842,125 68,102 90,125 Maximum Years H W S W S D O MAI N T R N I N S U 2005 2,020,000 1,750,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 200,000 75,000 2006 2,130,000 1,900,000 500,000 1,650,000 210,000 82,500 2007 2,500,100 2,100,000 720,000 1,815,000 280,000 90,750 2008 2,902,500 2,650,000 610,000 1,996,500 220,000 99,825 2009 3,103,500 2,950,400 500,000 2,196,150 120,000 109,808 Mean Years COMM I M P C O N S S I T BCP ROE 2005 1,124,045 243,621 63,192 65,307 295,011 16.050% 2006 1,282,500 286,607 32,123 65,307 320,476 17.165% 2007 1,396,404 326,015 38,552 65,307 332,813 16.230% 2008 1,507,605 384,230 55,051 104,500 417,142 13.150% 2009 1,737,626 562,749 95,053 104,500 430,744 9.950% Standard Deviation Years COMM I M P C O N S S I T BCP ROE 2005 955,944 188,627 52,055 49,063 247,472 3.606% 2006 1,014,698 164,605 25,283 49,063 244,694 2.920% 2007 1,136,456 189,498 30,332 49,063 262,141 2.503% 2008 1,262,038 241,859 28,213 21,920 179,523 2.475% 2009 1,148,871 60,303 35,281 21,920 198,759 0.495% Minimum Years COMM I M P C O N S S I T BCP ROE 2005 448,091 110,241 26,384 30,614 120,022 13.500% 2006 565,000 170,214 14,245 30,614 147,451 15.100% 2007 592,808 192,020 17,105 30,614 147,451 14.460% 2008 615,209 213,210 35,101 89,000 290,200 11.400% 2009 925,251 520,108 70,105 89,000 290,200 9.600% Maximum Years COMM I M P C O N S S I T BCP ROE 2005 1,800,000 377,000 100,000 100,000 470,000 18.600% 2006 2,000,000 403,000 50,000 100,000 493,500 19.230% 2007 2,200,000 460,010 60,000 100,000 518,175 18.000% 2008 2,400,000 555,250 75,000 120,000 544,084 14.900% 2009 2,550,000 605,390 120,000 120,000 571,288 10.300% Table 4.1 Descriptive Analysis Descriptive Analysis The descriptive analysis table in the appendix shows the following: From Table 4.1, which illustrates the use of Bahrain banks for I.T, we notes that average cost of H W in Bahrain banks reached the highest average in year 2009 (3,332,204) and this year was the lowest in the standard deviation (323,436), as well as the year that contains the largest cost for investment (3,103,500), which refers to the rise in investment H W by Bahrain banks. The second independent factor is the S W, its mean (medium) started with (1,085,277) and we notice that they are on the increase from year to year until it reaches in 2009 to (3,117,740) While the standard deviation of S W started with 940,060 then decrease to (865,657) and increase later in 2007 and again decreased to (805,459) in 2008 and lowest amount (236,654) in 2009. The minimum S W during the research period was (420,554) while the maximum was (2,950,400). We marked that the third factor which is the S D O had a mean started with ( 627,493 ) and ended with( 525,001 ) and noted that investment in S D O reached the highest value in the years 2005 ( ,000,000) and 2007 ( 720,000 ) while the lowest value was in the year 2008 ( 245,907 ) and the standard deviation started high in first year 2005 ( 526,804 ) and decreased to the lowest in the last year 2009 ( 35,281) . The M A I N mean (medium) started with (930,182) in 2005 and ended with (1,519,138) in 2009. While the standard deviation started with (805,844) and ended with (957,440). The minimum M A I N during the research period was (360,365) and the largest amount was (2,196,150). The fifth factor which is the T R N had a mean (medium) of (133,498), (142,611), (180,363), (147,626) and (94,051) the standard deviation started with 94,048 and ended with (36,697), the minimum T R N during the research period was (66,996) while the maximum was (280,000). The I N S U mean (medium) started with 48,220 in 2005 and ended with 99,966 in 2009 while the standard deviation started with 37,873 and ended with 13,918 the minimum I N S U during the research period was 21,440 while the largest was 109,808. From the previous table we note that the seventh variable COMM, the average cost in Bahrain banks started with 1,124,045 and continue increased upto (1,737,626). In 2009, the standard deviation started with 955,944 and ended with (1,148,871), the minimum rate during the period reached to the lowest of 448,091 and highest was 2,550,000 in 2009. The I M P mean (medium) started with (243,621) in 2005 and ended with (562,749) in 2009. The standard deviation started with (188,627) and ended with the (60,303); the minimum rate during the period was (110,241), while the maximum was (60,303). The ninth factor which is the C O N S had a mean (medium) of (63,192), (32,123), (38,552), (55,051) and (95,053) and the standard deviation started with (52,055) and ended with (35,281), the minimum C O N S during the research period was (14,245) while the maximum was (120,000). The S I T mean (medium) in the beginning 3 years were the same 65,307 years and in the last 2 years increased to (104,500) while the standard deviation started with 49,063 and ended with (21,920). The minimum S I T during the research period was 30,614 while the maximum reached to (89,000). The BCP mean (medium) in the beginning year started with (295,011) and ended in the last year with (430,744). While the standard deviation was beginning with (247,472) and decreased in the last year to (198,759). We note the minimum BCP during the research period was (120,022) and the maximum was (571,288). The dependent variable is the ROE which was marked by the year 2006 the highest revenue between the years of the sample, as it reaches the highest return of 19.230% while the standard deviation was started with 3.606% and decreased later to .495 % in 2009. The year 2009 marked the lowest return on equity, amounting to 9.600%. Regression Analysis I used Pooled Data Regression method because Ive tie series data (2005-2009) and cross-sectional data (2 Banks). I have mathematical model of the study is developed as follows: I used E views program to analyze the data, I also used pooled regression and multi-regression because we have more than one independent variable verses only one variable which is the R O E. The confidence interval is ( 95 %). Testing Hypothesis As stated in the first chapter, these are the null hypothesis for this research The main Hypotheses There is no significant relationship between investing in I.T and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H01: There is no significant relationship between investing in HW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H02: There is no significant relationship between investing in SW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H03: There is no significant relationship between investing in SDO and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H04: There is no significant relationship between investing in Main and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H05: There is no significant relationship between investing in Trn and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H06: There is no significant relationship between investing in Insu and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H07: There is no significant relationship between investing in Comm and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H08: There is no significant relationship between investing in Imp and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H09: There is no significant relationship between investing in Con and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H010: There is no significant relationship between investing in Sit and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. H011: There is no significant relationship between investing in BCP and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. The above hypothesis used to determine whether all the independent variables together, which represent the IT investments, have effect on the dependent variable which reflects the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. For this general hypothesis, the f-statistic value is used to reject or accept it. On the other hand, the t-statistic is used to accept or reject all other hypothesizes which measure the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable separately. In order to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or accept it, the following conditions should be applied to the regression results: T-statistic 1.85; Prob. 0.05; and F-statistic 9.908. If these conditions are achieved, then there is a significant relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. When we will apply the above rule in order reject the null hypothesis if T-test à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1.85 and Sig 0.05 the result will be as follow: For the first variable which is the H W 5.23 1.85 Sig .00 0.05 therefore the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is no significant positive relation between the H W and the ROE. For the S W 3.25 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is no significant inverse relation between the S W and the ROE. For the SDO 10.50 1.85 and 0.00 0.05 so again the null hypothesis is rejected and there is significant positive relation between the independent and the dependent variables. For the MAIN 5.20 1.85 and 0.034 0.05, so the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is a significant positive relation between the investment ratio and the ROE. For the TRN is 2.85 therefore the alternative hypothesis is accepted and there is significant inverse relationship between the TRN and the ROE. For the INSU 4.25 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the INSU and the ROE. For the COMM 3.56 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the COMM and the ROE. For the IMP 4.97 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the COMM and the ROE. For the CONS 1.920 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the CONS and the ROE. For the SIT 4.850 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the SIT and the ROE. For the BCP 1.980 1.85 0.00 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected and therefore there is significant inverse relation between the BCP and the ROE. However for all the variables together the F-statistic is 9.908 which is greater than the F-schedule 1.96 and the Sig is 0.00 0.05 so the alternative hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is a significant relation between the variables (all together) and the ROE . R square is 0.86 which means that together all the independent variables are responsible for 86% of changes in the ROE. When economic model is used to examine the relationship between Independent Variables and Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance we will have : So the ROE = 17.23 -1.63 (H W) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2.03 (S W) -.266 (S D O) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2.81 ( M A I N ) + .66 (T RN) + 2.251 (INSU) -.132 (COMM) + .649 (IMP) .047 (CONS) .767 (S I T) + 1.643 (BCP) +e By implementing these conditions on the regression results, we reached the statistical results shown in Table 4.3 below. There is no significant relationship between investing in HW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in SW and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in SDO and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in MAIN and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in TRN and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in INSU and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in COMM and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in IMP and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in CON and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in SIT and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected There is no significant relationship between investing in BCP and the financial performance of Banks of Bahrain. Rejected CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDIATIONS CAHPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDIATIONS Introduction In This part of study we will start discussing the findings regarding each null hypothesis as appeared on Table 4.3, and comparing them with the findings of other researchers. Next, a conclusion to the research will be provided along with some limitations that have incurred while conducting the study. Finally, the researcher will suggest some recommendations based on the findings. Conclusion In this research, we have begun by studying Bahrainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy generally and the banking sector specifically. Then, we have started discussing the several factors that reflect the I.T investment, and how these factors can affect the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance represented by ROE. Eight banks have been chosen which are listed on Central bank of Bahrain. The numerical data have been captured for five years (2005-2009), The data was collected through in-depth interviews with the senior managers of finance and I.T Department, also from the annual reports submitted by each bank on its official website. Since this study sought to establish a relationship between the financial returns of commercial banks in Bahrain and the level of investment in information technology, the questioning might serve as to whether the level of investment in information technology affect the level of improved performance indicators for this vital sector and renewed for the banks?. In order to achieve these objectives the study proceeded to build a model of study, is designed to analyze that relationship and using appropriate methods of statistical analysis of the study comes out with results adopted by a number of recommendations are as follows : Limitations The main limitations are Time: The time frame within which the study has been conducted was short. Limitation of data: Most of the banks initially declined to provide any financial (IT expenses and Income) data citing confidentiality and busy schedules as reasons. Recommendations 1. Based on previous results, the study recommends that the supervisors on the work of Bahraini banks to boost investment in information technology and attract what is modern ones, because of their important role in improving the performance of banks, through the support services of information technology in these banks and supplying them with budgets and human resources qualified and trained so as to enhance the presence of these banks and their role in the development of investment. 2. Regarding future line of research, efforts should be put at increasing the sample size and the time frame in order to have more accurate and reliable results.

Australia Is Not The Only One Of Its Lodging Moderateness...

Summary: Australia is not the only one in its lodging moderateness emergency. A worldwide preview shows numerous administrations are standing up to blasting property costs, putting weight on low to direct pay workers. I agree with this issue because, truth be told what Australia have here is a long haul basic issue that has been dismissed for a considerable length of time. In 1982, the ABS Survey of Income and Housing uncovered that 168,000 or 10% of home purchasers spent more than 30% of their gross family salary on lodging expenses. Almost 30 years after the fact in 2011 these numbers had taken off to 640,000, proportionate to 21% of every single home purchaser. There are some explanation for this expanding cost of purchasing house. For†¦show more content†¦Supply can identify with the sum accessible at a particular cost or the sum accessible over a scope of costs if showed on a chart. This relates nearly to the interest for a decent or administration at a particular value; all els e being equivalent, the supply gave by makers will rise if the value rises in light of the fact that all organizations hope to augment benefits. (D. McTaggart, 2015) Equilibrium: The state in which market supply and demand adjust one another and, thus, costs get to be steady. By and large, when there is an excess of supply for products or services, the value goes down, which brings about higher interest. The adjusting impact of supply and demand results in a condition of harmony. Scarcity: The fundamental monetary issue that emerges on the grounds that individuals have boundless needs yet assets are restricted. On account of lack, various economic decisions must be made to allocate resources efficiently. Demand Pull Inflation: A term utilized as a part of Keynesian financial aspects to depict the situation that happens when value levels rise in light of a lopsidedness in the total supply and interest. At the point when the total interest in an economy firmly exceeds the total supply, costs increment. Financial experts will regularly say that request draw expansion is a consequence of an excess of dollars pursuing excessively couple of merchandise. (Investopedia, 2015) Utilization: The patterns in housing expense

Protecting the Environment Free Essays

After consideration, I would have thought deeper before making a decision. One of the examples is that I will think of other possibilities and ways of disposing an unwanted item. This is because our actions might seem little and can do much harm to the environment but as time passes by and all our actions are added up together and this might cause chaos in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Protecting the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Damaging the environment is not a petty issue. Planet earth as we all live in seems to be the only planet that is capable of supporting human life. Once it is damage beyond repair, it might wipe out our species. In the effort of protecting the environment, we will consider the effect of our actions before making decisions. Will our actions do any good to the environment or will it continue to harm the environment? This is the question that must be thought of when taking actions. As we all know, we do not have centuries to go anymore. Scientist around the globe is already complaining about the effect of global warming and the unstable environment that we all have nowadays. We have only a few more decade to go before we totally wipe out the ice berg at the north and south pole. Once the ice is melted, all sort of extreme and outrages weather will occur. Recycling is a very basic but important action that everyone should adopt now. In the wake of global warming right now, it is important that we recycle. The needs to recycle is base on the fact that our natural resources are diminishing . If we do not recycle, factories will have to process the raw material and this will result in more heat release into the environment. A very basic way to recycle is to separate our rubbish into papers, metal and glass. Others waste such as food can be use to make compose. Besides recycling, we will also reuse thing that can be use again such as food containers and shopping bags. Food containers can be kept and put aside. It can be use to keep food when needed. Shopping bags can also be use to carry things when we go shopping. Using shopping bags will eliminate the needs for plastic bags. Many of the plastic bags that most of the shops offer are non biodegradable. This material will not be eliminated unless burned. Once it is burned, it will release a poisonous gas which will cause air pollution. Open burning is also an important issue relating to the environment. It will cause air pollution and also release great amount of heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Open burning is really unnecessary for household because if we manage our garbage well and put it in the plastic bags, the rubbish collector will just bring those garbage away. Burning the forest to open new lands is also unacceptable. This action will cause discomfort to many people and if it is not manage well, the fire will spread and unwanted accident might happen. We should all prevent using the air conditioning at home because it will release a type of gas which will destroy the ozone layer. Once the ozone is destroy, people that stay in that area will get skin cancers. To keep our body cool, we should use fan instead. It does not consume that much electricity as air conditioner and it does not harm the environment. We should also drink more cold water or take cool bath to warm our body when the weather is hot. We should also educate our friends and family about ways to protect the environment. If possible, everyone should get educated. If everyone is focusing to protect the environment, many unwanted disasters will be prevented. In the deontological theory point of view, it can be easily seen that it is everyone’s duty to protect the environment. Everyone must do his part to protect the environment so that the next generations to come will have a better place to live in. How to cite Protecting the Environment, Papers

Challenges Facing New South Wales Police Service †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Challenges Facing New South Wales Police Service. Answer: Introduction The New South Wales police (NSW) is a government Organization and just like any other organization. In every organization, there are rules and regulations that govern it, and this is not an exemption for the New South Wales police as an organization. Every organization has a management, and it is the mandate or the responsibility of themanagement to take care of the organization for a better outcome.Management is a process of continued and related activities that involve achieving the organization's goals by working with human resource and other organizational resources. The NSW police Service requires bettermanagement or rather an improvedmanagement system to ensure that both the division senior officers, detective officers and the general duty workers work in accordance with the NSW police service, Statement of Values and Code of Conduct and Ethics. The paper will explore the challenges facing the New South Wales Police Service by incorporating a management theory to determine the most effective solutions. Management challenges NSW Police Service has three identifiable management challenges that could easily affect the outcome of the organization as a whole. The first management challenge is; Organizing, this involves putting together the identified activities, ideas, and resources into action to achieve the organizational goals, the activities or tasks should be organized in a way that each individual's outputs contribute to the success of various departments, which in turn endow to success of a branch, and most importantly adds up to the organizations success (Schermerhorn, 2011). According to the reform that was initiated in response to Wood Royal Commission into corruption in NSW Police Service that, the main activity was the use of cross-functional teams and the transference of democratic control mechanisms by dispersing the power that previously dominant divisions and individuals had acquired. This was a great idea for the seniors to call for an open forum to discuss the implemented changes within the NSW Police but it is the seniors mandate to make sure that everyone participates and give out their opinion on how to approach and go about the implemented changes, but, this is contrary to what the seniors are doing, this is different from what is stipulated in their code of conduct and ethics rule number 4 which states treat everyone with respect, courtesy and fairness and 9 which states that not to make improper use of their position or NSW information or resources. The divisional seniors and the detectives take charge and do not give chances or opportunities for the General duty workers to share their opinions for the betterment of the entire organization (Gordon Grant, 2006). The second management challenge is Influencing; this is also called motivating, leading or directing. Influencing requires the managers to motivate the organization members in the direction that helps them achieve the given goal or objective. According to this case study, the divisional seniors misuse their authorities and mandates as seniors to influence or rather to lead their fellow organizational members to the direction that doesnt help it achieve their given goal as a whole. They use their positions and powers to oppress the other team members views and opinion and even use threat for example at one point in the meeting, one detective demands that the other members of his team to fill out forms in a certain manner, adding or Ill throw them back to your faces (Gordon Grant, 2006). This statement alone creates an inferiority complex among other team members, diminishing their morale to contribute positively to the organization. The seniors are also influencing the other officers like the detectives and the team leaders to maintain their hard stands on the other team members and this is clearly seen on how each and every one of them addresses the other team members, and even how they refer to them while addressing them despite knowing their names. This is a management challenge because if they were all given an equal fair hearing and an opportunity to speak out their ideas and opinions it could positively improve things like communication, among them since communication is key to change (Aepli, Ribaux Summerfield, 2011). The third management challenge seen in this case study is coordinating. Coordinating function of leadership is very key because it ensures that all functions of the organization are in order and operating successfully for the betterment of the organization. It is of importance that an organization work together or rather coordinate in order to achieve a particular stipulated goal (Bruijn, Heuvelhof Veld, 2010). Coordinating brings together all members of New South Wales Police Service to work towards getting a common ground on the recently implemented changes within the organization. But in this case, scenario coordinating is not applied anywhere. This is noticeable on how the senior conduct the meeting and how he interrupts the others while they are talking, apart from that there is no protocol on who is to speak after who and the kind of language to be used during the meeting. You find that the meeting is so disorganized in a way that only the senior, the detective and team leader s are talking at random generalizing their ideas to match that of the other team members. They do not give other team members an equal opportunity to share information that could be of benefit to the organization. At the end of the meeting, the seniors make conclusions based on their own their own ideas and contributions and expecting the other members to comply with their final decisions. This kind of management leadership cannot bring about any change. I believe that for change to happen, the voice of the oppressed (meaning the other team members) should be heard as well by being given an opportunity to speak out their thoughts on how changes should be achieved (Teale, 2003). Management Concepts Management is a process and if the New South Wales Police Service can put all the mentioned above challenges into practice then it is definite that the NSW police service will have a great improvement and coming into a common consensus. The discussed challenges namely; organizing, influencing/directing and coordinating all relate to leadership and decision-making concept. This concept explains that management may be referred to the art and science of planning, organizing, influencing human power used to control the constraint and utilize the resources for the benefit of the organization and its members (Mills, 2007) In this case study organizing, influencing and coordinating are portrayed as the major management challenges by the NSW police service, the leadership and decision-making concept should be used to overcome the challenges faced by the NSW police service. For example, organizing as a management challenge goes hand in hand with this concept in that, if the leaders develop th eir organizational structure in a way that everyone is involved and participates in various task force and decision-making process then the ultimate outcome is going to be successful for the good of the organization and the human resource as well (Hannagan Bennett, 2008). The second identified management challenge discussed in the case study was influencing. Influencing relates to the human relation concept in that, management begins with leadership, and the leaders should have good relationships with all members of the organization in order for them to move together as a team. If the leadership has bad relation then definitely this affects the productivity of the organization . Leaders are supposed to act as role models to the other staffs, good human relation influences the other staffs to be more optimistic and aggressive about their job which in turn will enhance the companys productivity (Griffin, 2007). This can only be achieved if the leader understands other members personalities, values, attitudes, and emotions. In this case study, the seniors behave in an unprofessional way and without respect and not recognizing the diversity (Newton, 2011). The way they relate to the other team members is alarming, they do not have respect and courtesy for the other members, for example when they constantly interrupted them whenever they stood to speak and another the second scenario is when the detective does not recognize the rest of the members by their names but instead referring to their team members as they. A good leader should allow for interactions and understand each and every members thoughts and feelings about particular issues being discussed (Hannagan, 2002). The third management challenge discussed in the case study is coordinating. The integration concept involves coordinating, I can imagine of an organization without coordination, where things are done without consultation and involvement of both parties. Such kind of an organization is not likely to do well in achieving its goals and objectives. Integration is a way of pulling material and human resources together towards achieving a common goal (Griffin, 2007). If the leaders do not involve the human resource by working together towards making organizational decisions then it clearly means that their contributions are not needed and that, the leaders have the rights and privileges of making decisions on behalf of the rest. In this case study, you find that the seniors, including detectives and the team leaders, do not mind about other members decisions, they care about protecting their positions and forgetting that they are supposed to involve each and everyone in the development. An d this is expressed in the manner in which the discussion is being carried out shows that the hierarchy of top to bottom is applied. Whereby its only those at the top management are allowed to have the final say (Newstrom, 2015). Management Theory Having studied this case study I am certain that the NSW police service can use a different kind of approach to convey information and to make everyone feel valued. The three discussed management challenges above namely, organizing, influencing and coordinating can be resolved to change the current situation at the NSW police service. Theory x and theory y have been used often to compare two different kinds of management to create a great outcome in the organization. Theory x and theory y believe that the main key to our work and life success is to create a conducive environment where individuals feel appreciated and recognized by their personal difference. This theory acknowledges our difference in terms of wants, needs, values, expectations, and goals. If the NSW police service gets to use theory x and theory y then it means that the perception that the seniors have believed that they have the right to command and dictate what the rest will diminish with time. Our personal theory u sually impacts the motivational approaches we do choose to deal with such differences, such philosophies or attitudes towards others can be mapped to theory x and theory y (Sorensen, 2015). Theory x defines the exact management at the NSW police service, this theory states that the management is authoritarian, repressive, with very tight control to its members. The end result of this kind of management is, there is no development, production is limited and because of the threats, reprimands, suspension, termination, and financial penalties lead to depressed culture. Unlike theory y where there is an opportunity for advancement, responsibility, recognition, financial rewards and praise. This in return will create an environment of fear and managers or senior are viewed with distrust and seen as dictators rather than team leaders or team players (Cardy, 2004). The best theory that can be used to resolve the management challenges at NSW police service is theory y. This theory assumes that some people can be personally self-driven and take responsibilities. The management in theory y believes that authority should be decentralized to team members to ensure that, they have all the available resources required to achieve their organizational goal. This type of management is free and developmental, there is control, achievements and continuous improvement achieved by enabling empowering and giving responsibilities (Jackson, 2000). By using theory y there definitely will be a high level of organization experienced within management because the authority is decentralized down to the employees and it is their responsibility to manage the organization. In this same theory, you find that influencing or rather directing is well demonstrated in the way the management. The fact that the management recognizes the team members and even give them financial rewards for a good job done, shows how influential the management is (Kreitner, 2009). Finally, there is a lot of coordination in theory y and this is evident on how the team members socialize with the top management. The management understands and respects everyone within the organization, hence creating a good working environment for both the management and the team towards achieving their ultimate goal. Conclusion In summary, the challenges experienced in the NSW police service has been discussed in the above paragraphs and the solution on how to curb the management challenges has also been discussed. According to this case study, there is poor management in the NSW police service and this is the main reason as to why all the above-mentioned challenges are experienced. If the seniors can learn how to first deal with the members in a respectful and understanding manner, by making them feel valued and appreciated despite their position in the hierarchy, then this can be the first step to solving the challenges they are experiencing. Communication is the key to organizational achievements, and the seniors at the NSW police service should take this as a challenge, by giving everyone an equal chance to air out their grievances and problems so that they can all feel included and this will create a great impact on the organizations future performance. References Hannagan, T., Bennett, R. 2008.Management: Concepts practices. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall Hannagan, T. 2002.Mastering strategic management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave. Davis, K. 1977.Organizational behavior: A book of readings. New York: McGraw-Hill. Newstrom, J. W. 2015.Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work. Sorensen, P. F., Yaeger, T. F. McGregor, D., Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. 2006.The human side of enterprise.2015.Theory X and theory Y. Mills, A. J. 2007.Organizational behaviour in a global context. Peterborough, Ont: BroadviewPress. Schermerhorn, J. R. 2011.Management. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Newton, R. 2011.The management book. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Jackson, M. C. 2000.Systems approaches to management. New York, NY [u.a.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Cardy, R. L. 2004.Performance management: Concepts, skills and exercises. Armonk, NY Kreitner, R. 2009.Management. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.a.: Sharpe. Griffin, R. W. 2007.Principles of management. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Aepli, P., Ribaux, O., Summerfield, E. 2011.Decision making in policing: Operations and management. Lausanne, Switzerland: EPFL Press. Teale, M. 2003.Management decision making: Towards an integrated approach. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. Bruijn, J. A., Heuvelhof, E. F., Veld, R. J. 2010.Process management: Why projectmanagement fails in complex decision making processes. Gordon, R., Grant, D. Corridors of Power: Critical reflections and alternative viewpoints, inMurray, P., Poole, D., and Jones, G., Contemporary Issues in Management and Organizational Behaviour, 2006, pp 115-116, Melbourne, Thomson. Griffin, R. W. 2007.Fundamentals of management: core concepts and applications. Boston,Mass, Houghton Mifflin.

Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essay Example

Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 Essay Linear Functions Answer the following questions using what youve learned from this lesson. Write your responses in the space provided, and turn the assignment in to your instructor. 1. What is the slope of the line in the graph below? Show your work. Answer: To find out the slope, you must first take two separate points on the graph, such as (-5,-1) and (0,1). Then, it’s a simple matter to use the equation [pic] to find the slope: [pic]= [pic] 2. What is the slope of the line represented by the table of values below? How do you know? |x |y | |-2 |3 | -1 |4. 5 | |0 |6 | |1 |7. 5 | |2 |9 | Answer: By taking two different (x,y) values from the table and using the [pic] formula, we can easily find the slope. For example, let’s use (-2,3) and (0,6): [pic]= [pic] 3. Which of the following graphs could be the graph of y = 4x 5? Circle the letter of your answer(s) and explain your choice(s). a. b. c. d. 4. Write the equation of the line that passes through the points (3,7) and (-1,2) in: The slope is [pic]=[pic]=[pic] a. Point-slope form -2=[pic](x+1) b. Slope-intercept form y=[pic]x+[pic] 5. What is the slope of a line that is perpendicular to [pic]? Show your work. Answer: A line perpendicular to y=[pic]x would have a slope that’s the reciprocal of the slope to y=[pic]x. We will write a custom essay sample on Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Math Checkup Unit 1 Lesson 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So the answer is [pic]. 6. Write the equation of a line passing through (0,6) and parallel to the line [pic]. Answer: y=[pic]x+6 7. Which of the following tables of values could have been generated by a linear function? How do you know? a. |x |y | |-2 | -3 | |-1 |-5 | 0 |-7 | |1 |-9 | |2 |-11 | b. |x |y | |-2 |1 | |-1 |3 | |0 |6 | |1 |10 | |2 |15 | c. |x |y | |-2 |1 | |-1 |1 | |0 |1 | |1 |1 | |2 |1 | Answer:Table A is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. Table B is NOT a linear function, since it doesn’t have an even distribution in its y values. Table C is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. 8. For each table in #7 that could have been generated by a linear function, calculate the slope of the line produced by that function. Answer: The rise over run formula [pic] shows the slope of a function table. Table A has a slope of [pic]= [pic]= -2. Table C has a slope of [pic]= [pic]= 0. 9. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. x + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the slope of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? Answer: The slope is 18. 5. It means that each person that attends costs $18. 50. 10. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. 5x + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the y-intercept of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? Answer: The y-intercept is 250. This means that you must pay $250 BEFORE you pay for each guest’s meal. 11.Write the equation of the line that is parallel to the x-axis and goes through the point (1,4). Answer: y=4 12. Does the point (2,6) lie on the line that connects (1,4) and (0,3)? Explain. Answer: The equation for the slope of (1,4) and (0,3) is y=x+3. Just plug (2,6) into the equation: 6=2+3? No. 6=/=2+3 So, no. (2,6) does not lie in the line that connects (1,4) and (0,3). 13. Which of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular? How do you know? Perpendicular? a. [pic] and [pic]No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. b. [pic]and [pic]Yes. Their slopes are negative reciprocals. c. [pic]and [pic]No.Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. 14. Jeremy uses the linear function G = 12h + 50 to represent the grade, G (in points out of 100), that he can earn on an exam as a function of h, the number of hours he spends studying for the exam. a. Identify the slope and y-intercept of Jeremys function and explain what they mean in the context of the problem. The slope is 12 and the y-intercept is 50. This means that Jeremy’s score, if he didn’t study, would be 50. However, for every hour he studies, his score will go up 12 points. b. If Jeremy spends 3 hours studying for the exam, what grade does he expect to earn?Show your work. G = 12(3) + 50 = 36 + 50 = 86 Jeremy can expect to earn 86 points on the test if he studies for 3 hours. c. How many hours should Jeremy study if he wants to earn a perfect score on the exam? Show your work. 100 = 12h + 50 50 = 12h h = 4 hours, 10 minutes. 15. Suppose that demand, D, for a particular product is given by the function D = 100 2p, where p is the price in dollars of the product and D is the number of products that can be sold at that price. a. What does the slope of this function mean in the context of the problem? The slope shows that for each dollar the price increases, two less items will be sold. b.What price should be set in order to sell 75 items? Show your work. 75 = 100 2p 2p = 25 p = $12. 50 The price should be set as $12. 50 to sell 75 items. 16. Temperature may be given in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32(F or 0(C. The boiling point of water is 212(F or 100(C. a. Write the equation of a line that shows the relationship between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. C=[pic](F-32) b. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit when it is 17oC? 62. 6 Fahrenheit c. What is the temperature in Celsius when it is 79oF? 26. 1 Celsius 17. Write at least three different expressions that mean slope. Answer: Slope=[pic]=[pic]=[pic] 18. In order to write the equation of a line, what two pieces of information do you need? (Hint: there may be more than one answer to this question. ) Answer: You must know both the slope and y-intercept to write the equation of a line. 19. The cost of manufacturing soccer balls is given by C = 24,000 + 7x, where x is the number of soccer balls produced. a. What is the slope of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem? The slope is 7, and that means each soccer ball costs $7. b. What is the y-intercept of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem?The y-intercept is 24,000, and it means that you have to pay $24,000 BEFORE making any soccer balls. c. If a manufacturer wanted to spend less than $30,000 to produce soccer balls, what is the maximum number of balls that can be produced? Show your work. 30000=24000+7x 6000=7x 857. 14=x The maximum number of soccer balls that can be made without spending above $30000 is 857. 20. Write the equation of a line that is parallel to the line connecting (2,5) and (-1,-4). Answer: y=3x+5 This is the only line with a negative slope and a negative intercept.

Definition and Examples of Point of View

Definition and Examples of Point of View Point of view is the perspective from which a speaker or writer recounts a narrative or presents information. Also known as a viewpoint. Depending on the topic, purpose, and audience, writers of nonfiction may rely on the first-person point of view (I, we), the second-person (you, your, youre), or the third-person (he, she, it, they). Author  Lee Gutkind points out that point of view is innately tied to voice, and a strong, well-executed point of view will also lead to a strong voice (Keep It Real, 2008). Examples and Observations Point of view is the place from which a writer listens in and watches. Choosing one place over another determines what can and cant be seen, what minds can and cant be entered. . . . The main choice, of course, is between the third and first person, between a disembodied voice and I (in nonfiction synonymous with the author). For some, the choice is made before sitting down to write. Some writers feel obliged to use the third person, by tradition the voice of objectivity, the disinterested mode of address appropriate for the newspaper or for history. Other writers, by contrast, seem to adopt the first person as a reflex, even if they are not writing autobiographically. But choosing a point of view really is a choice fundamental to the construction of nonfiction narratives, thus carrying relevant consequences. No moral superiority inheres in the first or third person, in their many varieties, but the wrong choice can deaden a story or distort it enough to turn it into a lie, sometimes a lie composed of facts.(Tracy Kidder and Richard Todd, Good Prose: The Art of Nonfiction. Random House, 2013) Subjective and Objective Viewpoints Pronouns reflect the various viewpoints. You can choose first-person (I, me, us, our), second person (you), or third person (he, she, they, their). First-person is considered intense, subjective, and emotionally hot. It is the natural choice for a memoir, autobiography, and most personal-experience essays. The reader is the center of attention for second-person. It is the favored point of view for instructional material, advice, and sometimes admonishment! It is intimate without being intenseunless the voice of the author is authoritarian or controlling instead of instructive. . . . Third person can be subjective or objective. For instance, when used for an as told to personal-experience essay, third-person is subjective and warm. When used for news and information, third-person is objective and cool. (Elizabeth Lyon, A Writers Guide to Nonfiction. Perigee, 2003) The First-Person Narrator Its hard to write a memoir or a personal essay without falling back on the I. In fact, all nonfiction is really told in the technical first-person point of view: there is always a narrator doing the telling, and the narrator is not some fictional persona but the author. This single point of view is one of the important- and frustrating- hallmarks that distinguishes nonfiction from fiction. Yet there are ways to mimic other points of viewand thereby to tell a more natural sort of story. Listen to the opening lines of Daniel Bergners God of the Rodeo: When he had finished workbuilding fence or penning cattle or castrating bull calves with a knife supplied by his boss on the prison farmJohnny Brooks lingered in the saddle shed. The small cinder-block building is near the heart of Angola, Louisianas maximum-security state penitentiary. Alone there, Brooks placed his saddle on the wooden rack in the middle of the room, leapt onto it, and imagined himself riding in the inmate rodeo coming up in October. No sign yet of the author- a strictly third-person presentation. . . . The author wont enter the story directly for many more lines; hell duck in once to let us know hes there and then disappear for long stretches . . .. But in fact, of course, the author has been with us in every line, in the second way that an author participates in a nonfiction story: tone. (Philip Gerard, Talking Yourself Out of the Story: Narrative Stance and the Upright Pronoun. Writing Creative Nonfiction, ed. by Carolyn Forchà © and Philip Gerard. Writers Digest Books, 2001) Point of View and Persona [T]hese issues of point of view really point to one of the most fundamental skills in creative nonfiction, to writing not as the author but from a constructed persona, even if that persona is taking on the I to tell the story. That persona is formed by time, mood, and distance from the events that are being narrated. And if we decide to foreground the artifice of this construction by using more stylized points of view, such as second- or third-person, we create even more of a relationship between the narrator and the narrated, a high awareness that we are engaged in the reconstruction of experience and not pretending to be mere transcribers of that experience. (Lee Gutkind and Hattie Fletcher Buck, Keep It Real: Everything You Need to Know About Researching and Writing Creative Nonfiction. W.W. Norton, 2008) Obi-Wan Kenobi on Point of View Obi-Wan:  So, what I told you was true . . . from a certain point of view. Luke: A certain point of view? Obi-Wan: Luke, youre going to find that many of the truths we cling to depend greatly on our own point of view. (Star Wars: Episode VIReturn of the Jedi, 1983)

Discussion point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion point - Essay Example ad confirmed everything with the sample I was given I simply walked away; only to open the package and find that its hard disk capacity was 300GB instead of the advertised 320GB. I inquired about the reason for the difference at the store and I was informed that the receipt I had signed indicated that it is not a must the goods delivered match exactly with what was advertised. Under the Sales of Goods Act, it is evidently clear that seller was in violation of the Act because the Act prescribes that whatever goods a seller is selling should match with the description given of which in this case is the advert that was placed on the Daily Newspaper. Secondly, the Sales of Goods Act requires that the goods sold by the seller must match the sample shown to the customer and it must be free of any hidden defects. Therefore, the seller was in total violation of Sales of Goods Act because of the fact that he sold me a laptop that did not match the description on the advert and even the sample I was shown at the store (Macleod,